Zheng Yi Sao and the pirate confederation that challenged Qing control of the South China coast.
Historical background
After the death of Zheng Yi in 1807, Zheng Yi Sao helped keep together a confederation of pirate fleets operating along China’s southern coast. The Red Flag Fleet, commanded by Cheung Po Tsai, was a major part of that coalition.
The pirates depended on coastal trade, tribute and access to safe harbours. Qing authorities combined military pressure with offers of amnesty, and Zheng Yi Sao negotiated a surrender in 1810.
Read more about the historical background.



